Assessing the Arguments Related to Shareholder Primacy and Stakeholder Dissertation

Assessing the Arguments Related to Shareholder Primacy and Stakeholder Theory in Corporate Governance - Dissertation Example Historically, the shareholder primacy theory has occupied a significant role in the corporate governance strategies based on the Anglo-American model. Shareholder primacy theory takes the position that the corporation is owned by shareholders and thus exists for the sole purpose of maximizing shareholder value. The role of shareholder primacy in corporate governance has been challenged by the European model of corporate governance which recognizes stakeholder value. Stakeholder theory looks more keenly at relationships between the corporation and its stakeholders, and presumes that profits flow naturally from improving stakeholder value and should not drive corporate decisions and behaviour. It therefore follows that theories of shareholder and stakeholder value espouse divergent presumptions on what factors should drive corporate behavior. In light of the recent global financial crisis of 2008-2009, there has been considerable debate over whether or not shareholder primacy should play an even greater role in making management accountable. Even so, these arguments are countered by arguments that express concern over the possibility that shareholder primacy would have a negative impact on the corporation or organization’s wider class of stakeholders; employees, creditors, the community and consumers.... icism of Shareholder Primacy 24 2.3 Stakeholder Theory 28 2.3.1 Definition 28 2.3.2 Origins of Stakeholder Theory 30 2.3.3 Developments and Current Stakeholder Theory 32 2.3.4 Criticisms of Stakeholder Theory 34 2.4 Conclusion 36 2.5 Chapter Summary 37 Chapter Three 38 Shareholder Primacy in Corporate Governance 38 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Shareholder Primacy in Practice 38 3.3 Shareholder Primacy and Corporate Governance in the UK 42 3.4 Conclusion 46 3.5 Chapter Summary 47 Chapter Four 47 Stakeholder Theory and Corporate Governance 47 4.1 Introduction 48 4.2 Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility 48 4.3 Stakeholder Theory and Corporate Social Responsibility in Practice 49 4.4 Conclusion 54 4.5 Chapter Summary 54 Chapter Five 55 Findings/Conclusion 55 Bibliography 58 Chapter One Shareholder Primacy and Stakeholder Theory: Issues and Background 1.1 Introduction Historically, the shareholder primacy theory has occupied a significant role in the corporate governance strategies ba sed on the Anglo-American model.4 Shareholder primacy theory takes the position that the corporation is owned by shareholders and thus exists for the sole purpose of maximizing shareholder value.5 The role of shareholder primacy in corporate governance has been challenged by the European model of corporate governance which recognizes stakeholder value. Stakeholder theory looks more keenly at relationships between the corporation and its stakeholders, and presumes that profits flow naturally from improving stakeholder value and should not drive corporate decisions and behaviour.6 It therefore follows that theories of shareholder and stakeholder value espouse divergent presumptions on what factors should drive corporate behavior. In light of the recent global financial crisis of 2008-2009,

Exploring the Brain Responses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Exploring the Brain Responses - Assignment Example The experimental study has the hypothesis of the inducement of either the rTMS or the stimulants triggering the dopamine production. In the two experiments, the brain is induced with rTMS for patients with depression and stimulants for the c-Fos experiment, which uses rats. Procedure outline of rTMS Eight Patients with depression was treated with rTMS, over the left prefrontal cortex on a daily basis. Each of them underwent neuropsychological test scores and PET scan before and after the rTMS treatment (Goldman et al. 1978). Procedure outline of c-Fos experiment Six rats was injected with cocaine and six with amphetamine. The rats were then killed, and the brain extracted. The brain was then preserved and treated with antibodies that recognize the c-Fos-positive cells. A special dye was then added to reveal the location of the c-Fos cells. The cells are counted easily since they are brown due to the dye. Q1a. The independent variable (IV), the conditions and the two dependent variabl es (DV) for this study First, the TMS experiment will be considered. The independent variable (IV) is the raclopride binding. This does not rely on the other variable, but it is rather depended on by the other variable. The conditions of the experiment rTMS are repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. There are four dependent variables that depend on the set conditions, which are R caudate, Laudate, R putamen, and L putamen. These will vary depending on the rTMS induced on the patient. In the second experiment (c-Fos), the Independent variable is c-positive cells, which are not necessarily dependant on the other variable set. The conditions are cocaine and the amphetamine. The independent variables are the nucleus accumbens from the sections of the rat’s brain (Goldman et al. 1978). Q1b. The study within a participant study explanation The study of rTMS involves the participation of several patients who are observed before and after the rTMS induction. A PET scanning is then done to establish the number of functional dopamine receptors using radioactive raclopride. The study is thus within a participant study where the data obtained is from the patient pairs under experiment. The participants involved are patients who are 8 rather than being a single patient. Since 2 pairs of participants had the same pre-rTMS test scores represented by a single point for each pair, the study is within a participant study. The c-Fos experiment study is also within a participant study. This is because the study experiment involved the participation of every group member. This means that obtaining the data of all the group members was essential. Q1c. The vital piece of statistical information missing from the study results obtained The essential piece of statistical information missing from the results presented here is a hypothesis. This is a vital tool in analyzing the data presented to either agree with the data or disagree. This tool would be critical in making c onclusions, like establishing the level of deviation from the expected results set on the hypothesis. This piece of information set as a hypothesis would act as the researchers’ guideline when they are setting the procedures. This tool is also helpful to a researcher in the field since it will define his research scope.